Computer Networking

Computer Networking Basics
Executive summary articles by Kashif Raza

A network is a group of computers, printers and other devices that are connected together with cables. Information travels over the cables, allowing network users to exchange documents and data with each other, print to the same printers and generally share any hardware or software that is connected to the network. Each computer, printer or other peripheral device that is connected to the network is called a node. Networks can have tens, thousands or even millions of nodes.

Network Adapter
A network adapter is connected to the network cabling with a network interface card (also called a "NIC", "nick" or network adapter).

Hubs
If you're networking a small group of computers together, you may be able to get by with a hub, some 10BaseT cables and a handful or network adapters. Larger networks often use a thin coax "backbone" that connects a row of 10BaseT hubs together. Each hub, in turn, may connect a handful of computer together using 10BaseT cabling which allows you to build networks of tens, hundreds or thousands of nodes. Like network cards, hubs are available in both standard (10Mbps) and Fast Ethernet (100Mbps) versions.

LANs (Local Are Networks)
A network is any collection of independent computers that communicate with one another over a shared network medium. WANs (Wide Are Networks). Often a network is located in multiple physical places. Wide area networking combines multiple LANs that are geographically separate.

Ethernet
This standard defines rules for configuring an Ethernet network as well as specifying how elements in an Ethernet network interact with one another. By adhering to the IEEE standard, network equipment and network protocols can communicate efficiently.

Protocols
Network protocols are standards that allow computers to communicate. TCP/IP (for UNIX, Windows NT, Windows 95 and other platforms), IPX (for Novell NetWare), DECnet (for networking Digital Equipment Corp. computers), AppleTalk (for Macintosh computers) and NetBIOS/NetBeui (for LAN Manager and Windows NT networks) are the main types of network protocols in use today. Although each network protocol is different, they all share the same physical cabling. This common method of accessing the physical network allows multiple protocols to peacefully coexist over the network media and allows the builder of a network to use common hardware for a variety of protocols.

Computer Network Repair
Executive summary articles by Thomas Morva

Computer networking is very important when it comes to in house office jobs where the mutual connection of computers constitutes an important part of the whole work. Therefore, networking is an important element in today's corporate world.

There are many professional technicians who have the to securely install whatever type of network you require. All networking vendors use the highest quality hardware and software to help insure that your network is trouble free so that you don't have to worry about it. They also troubleshoot and maintain existing networks in homes and offices. Computer network vendors and repairers provide support for all network platforms.

Computer Batteries

Computer Batteries : New Lithium-ion Battery

by Sammy

This computer batteries have compatible models/replace PN : HP/Compaq f4809a f4812a.
With capacity 4400mAh - voltage : 14.8v. Battery Type : Lithium-Ion. 100% OEM compatible!

Lithium-Ion batteries : What You Need to Know About Li-Ion Technology
Summary articles by Mallory Kramer

The difference is in the chemistry, a lithium battery is a disposable power source composed of lithium metal compounds - the key word, here, being disposable. Lithium batteries can not recharged. Lithium Ion batteries on the other hand are intercalated, meaning the lithium ion in side the battery moves between two internal electrodes. This movement or reversibility of the lithium ion accounts for the battery's rechargeability.

What are the benefits of lithium ion technology?
Lithium-ion batteries hold a lot of power and are surprisingly light-weight, especially with consideration to other rechargeable batteries. Li-ion batteries combine single cell technology with a greater energy reservoir than Nickel Metal Hydride and Nickel Cadmium batteries. They store more power for their size than both NiCad and NiMH. Li-ion batteries hold their charge for significantly longer than other comparable batteries and provide steady power until that charge is completely gone. Other batteries gradually and consistently loose power as you work. Li-ion batteries stay strong until the last push.

The disadvantages with using Li-ion battery technology are generally few and far between and technological advancements are making them even less so. Manufacturers have recently improved the lithium-ion recipe to reveal a more reliable battery. Still, every giant has its weaknesses. Li-ion batteries are sensitive to intense hot and cold temperatures. In etreme temperature conditions, the battery will degrade more quickly. Li-ion batteries degrade regardless frequency of use. The Li-ion battery's built-in computer chip tells the battery to refuse a charge once the batteries power falls below a certain point. If this occurs, the battery is beyond repair. Although these defects are more applicable to the older Lithiumion batteries, the possibility of seeing these problems is still worth noting. Fortunately, these said defects are fairly rare and easily avoided. Store Li-ion batteries (and other batteries as well) in a cool, dry place. Use your Li-ion batteries often. Be certain Li-ion batteries have a full charge before storing them and pull them out every so often to use and recharge. Watch the batteries power level to be sure it doesn't fall below the charge limit.

Computer Laptop

Best Laptop Computer
by Pooja Lapasia

Laptop computers are gaining popularity and are advancing to replace the desktop computers. Newer trends and innovations in laptop computers are making them a gullible buy. Laptop computers have evolved over the years; they have reduced in size and are pumping up in performance. There are different types of laptop computers but the 4 broad categories are ultraportable laptop computers, mid-sized or popular laptops, gaming laptops and business laptops. The size of the laptop computer varies in each category and the cost differs according.

You need to prioritize your usage type and then narrow down on a purchase. The most popular laptop might not serve your need to the fullest. Hence you need to buy a laptop computer that has a configuration to meet your needs. With growing competition there are many low price laptop computers which can fit most budgets. These low priced laptop computers have the capacity to perform basic computing functions and some of them even offer scope for up gradation. The life of a laptop is around one year if it doesn't offer up gradations, this is if you want to use enhanced software applications which are out in the market every month.

You can get also get second hand laptop computers if you are on a tight budget. Gamers usually look out for the best laptop computers in the market and are willing to sell off the old ones at reasonable rates. The popular brands of laptop computers are Acer, Sony, Hp and Toshiba to name a few. Laptops run on different processor and the most popular ones are the Intel technology and AMD technology. These processors are world-renowned and are known for their enduring performance.

You can accessorize your laptop computer to make it functional as a desktop computer. If you are not used to the touch pad mouse you can get yourself a wireless mouse attachment. Most Laptop Computers lacks the thumping audio quality, you can gear up your laptop with a set of good sounding speakers. You can get wireless synchronization of your laptop with other devices by using a Bluetooth dongle. This makes your file transfers easy and convenient. You can buy laptop computers online through popular online shopping based websites. These sites offer a wide variety and also give you option of comparing various laptop computers across brands. You can also get great deals, offers and discounts if you shop online.

Computer Components

The Important Components of a Computer
Summary Articles By Victor Epand



Modern computers are electronic and digital, they are more advanced and are being upgraded frequently. The general components of all the computers are almost the same. The computer can execute all the prerecorded instructions. A computer is nothing but a machine that manipulates the data according to the type of instructions given to it. The capacity to store and execute the list of instructions and functions that are known as programs makes the computer more versatile and extremely distinguished.

All the computers, in general, require the same hardware components : the memory storage devices, input device, output device and the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The entire package of the hardware components enables the computer to work efficiently.

Computers are generally differentiated by their size and power. Many multinational companies have been benefited with the help of the computer. The computer can be made more useful by adding many other external devices such as the printer, fax machine, speakers, etc.

Buying a Computer

Buying a Computer What To Do And Why
Summary Articles By Nitikon Lakkason

Those who've purchased and used a computer in the past already have an idea of what they need in a new computer. But those who are new to the computer word could get lost in the myriad of choices available. Here's a quick rundown of what the computer novice should do and why.

• Buy a computer that includes basic peripherals. Every computer can be broken down into four major components : CPU unit, monitor, keyboard and mouse.
• Decide what you'll use the computer for. If your want to use your computer for cruising the web, sending email or performing simple word-processing or spreadsheet tasks, a computer with the basic components that we just described should suffice. If you want a computer to help with a career in music, you will need a quality microphone and set of speakers.

• Create a budget and stick to it. How much can you afford to spend on a new computer? Although the prices of computers are decreasing, they can still create a hefty expense especially if you need additional peripherals described above.
  
• Start comparison shopping and look for the "fastest and biggest". By "fastest and biggest", we mean the computer with the fastest processor, the fastest modem, the biggest memory and the biggest hard drive capacity.
• Select a store. There are a number of places available including computer store outlets, online stores, auction sites, used computer stores or your friendly neighborhood yard sale. For the computer novice, we recommend buying a computer from a physical store. New computer buyers also have access to store warranties, returns, trades and services.

These suggestions should give the computer newbie a great start in selecting a quality computer for the first time and they apply to either Windows computers or Apple Macintosh computers.

Let's Go Green With Your Computer

Ways To Go Green With Your Computer
By Sammy


Did you, even though most of the time you spend in front of the computer and you rarely leave home and interact with the surrounding nature, does not mean that you can not successfully participate in a role in global warming movement and make the earth more green. There are small things you can do with your computer which can support the prevention of global warming and the dangers of making your life more Green to help the earth become more beloved green and cool.

1. Turn Off printer, scanner, monitor, speakers when not in use. You may not use the printer and scanner incessantly. Therefore turn off this equipment because even in the idle state this equipment still consume power source.
2. Enable screen saver, hibernation mode and power off. You work all day in front of the computer, it does not mean that you will all continue to use a computer? There is time where you need a short break to eat, drink or have a rest. To active the screen saver on your computer and also activate the feature from the power monitor off and hardisk. So when the computer is not used in a period of time, automatically monitor and power will be off your hard drive so yo can save the electricity.
3. Save the ink and paper. It is often once buzzed that millions of trees destroyed in the second only to meet the needs of our paper. And can be what happens when the earth's tree and it eventually lost out from the face of the earth. Nature was a cool and fresh, healthful, will change to that oppress the poor. Therefore you save the paper.
4. Contribute a PC that requires. You just buy a new PC either a high end specification, to the old PC you do not have more places in your work space. Now, rather than save it in your warehouse or you can throw them away carelessly to contaminate the environment how better that your old PC can still be used you contribute to people in need. For your PC that may have no value but for those who do not have a computer get a second computer so things that can gladden.
   

Computer Monitors

Buy Computer Monitors
Summary article about buy computers by Jason Gluckman



From standard 17 inch CRT models to the mega-sized 21 inch LCD TFT flat panel monitors, the sheer range of monitors available is sure to boggle any mind.


Depending on the allocated budget, one has to decide between a CRT and LCD monitor. CRT monitors still have some advantages over LCD monitors, including price, response time, color quality, etc., though LCD monitors are the latest? in thing? and offer amazing brightness and clarity.



Once this decision has been made, the next is to compare the specifications of various models in the monitor category selected. The important specifications include native resolution, panel size, viewing angle (both horizontal and vertical), contrast ratio, response time, brightness and physical adjustments (tilting angles, rotation, etc.). Response time is a minor consideration, important only for high-end gamers. Computer monitors can either be bought from computer retail stores or online.

Accessories Computer

Sony SRS-A27 Desktop Personal Speakers with 2-Way Power Supply
by Sammy

Currently, many available accessories computer available in the store online among amazon.com. Let sounds and music, now locked to the privacy of your ear, extend into the air for all to hear. Sony SRS-A27 personal desktop speakers are highly sensitive speakers that are lightweight and easy to carry. These speakers features built-in Mega Bass, on/off switch with volume control and are magnetically shielded so you can use them next to a TV or computer monitor. A 2-Way Power Supply allows fully portable operation with optional "AA" x 4 batteries or plugged into standard household AC outlet with optional AC adapter. Highly Sensitive Speaker Drives are capable of producing big wide-range sound with 2 watt amplification. Sony Mega Bass delivers deep bass soung despite the units small size.

The SRS-A27 desktop speakers will morph your personal CD player or radio into a substantial sound system. They will accomplish this morphing with minimal cost. These speakers are Sony's basic, yet highly sensitive speaker. With their compact size and shape, these speakers are perfect for a dorm room or office. The two watts of power, along with the 57 mm driver units provide quality sound with a wide frequency. To enhance the bass sound, Sony has installed a built-in Mega Bass sound; this boosts the sound quality, especially at low frequencies. With magnetic shielding, you can be confident that the speakers will not harm the quality of other near-by components, like a TV or computer monitor.

You have two options for powering these speakers. Choose either an optional AC adaptor or four AA batteries (not included). The speakers will play up to thirty hours with Sony alkaline batteries. There is a single, mini-jack input located on one of the speakers. The on/off switch and volume control are also located at the front of one off the speakers, making adjustments easy to accomplish. The two speaker cords are one meter long. Take your Walkman, Discman or computer to a new level with these active, bass-heavy speakers.

Features : portable speakers are full-range and provide 2 watts of power, magnetic shielding will not disturb TV or computer monitor, built-in Mega Bass for deep, bass sound, on/off switch at front of speaker for easy adjustments and 2-way powe supply : AC adaptor or 4 AA batteries (both not included).

You can buy the speakers at Amazon.com.

Computer Ethics

Computer Security Ethics and Privacy
Summary Articles by Emmanuel Anuforo

This goes for CD, DVD and floppy disks. It's similar to a bacteria virus that infects humans because it gets into the body through small openings and can spread to other parts of the body and can cause some damage. it's just like a regular terrorist attack because it requires highly skilled individuals, millions of to implement and years of planning. You know when a computer is infected by a virus, worm or trojan horse if one or more of these acts happen : screen shots of weird messages or pictures appear. Over the internet there is no powerful administrator which makes the risk a lot higher. Although these are the common three there are many more variations and it would be almost impossible to list them. Computer viruses, worm and trojan horses are all classifies as malicious-logic programs which are just programs that deliberately harms a computer. Every unprotected computer is vulnerable to a computer virus which is a potentially harming computer operates without the user's consent. A script kiddie is someone who is like a cracker because they may have the intentions of doing harm but they usually lack the technical skills. Whenever you start a computer you should have no removable media in he drives. When you transfer information over a network it has a high security risk compared to information transmitted in a business network because the administrators usually take some etreme measures to help protect against security risks. They are usually silly teenagers that use prewritten hacking and cracking programs. You have less available memory then you epected music or sounds plays randomly. A cyberterrorist is someone who uses a computer network or the internet to destroy computers for political reasons. The typical network attacks that puts computers at risk includes viruses, worm, spoofing, trojan horses and denial of services attacks. The computer Emergency Response Team Coorindation Center is a place that can do this.

Cheap Computers

Building Cheaps Computers in 3 Easy Steps
Aritcle by Nicky Pilkington

Just a decade ago, the only people who put computers together were those individuals who possesed an extensive technical background. Advancements in technology have eliminated some of the complexities in how computers work. This change has resulted in average people who have a basic understanding of computers being able to build a system themselves. Whether you are interested in building computers to establish a new hobby or to start a business, you can so in only a few easy steps and on a shoestring budget.

The first step in building cheap computers is to determine the route you want to use to build systems. You basically have three choices when considering building cheap computers : build a system from scratch, expand on a bare bones computer or upgrade an existing system. Building a system from scratch can be a rewarding experience. However, it is not for everyone. If you are impatient or are intimidated by mechanical tools, you are better to choose one of the other two options.

Regardless or the method you choose, you will follow three basic steps : plan, assemble, test.
The planning phase of your project in involves determining the specifications for the computer you want to build. Once you know this information you can start shopping for parts that meet those specifications. Your main considerations should be hard-disk, memory and CPU (Central Processing Unit). The harddrive is important because it determines how much information you are able to store on the computer. While you could build a computer with a harddrive smaller than 2 GB, it is not recommended.

The harddrive and memory work together. The amount of memory you place in your computer will directly affect how the system is able to complete the different processes that you request when using the system. I you have no idea what size harddrive and the amount of memory you need you should consider the type of operating system you intend do load on the system. You can consult the manufacturer or our har-drive or review the information on Cheap-Computer-Guy.com, which features a list of minimum harddrive and memory requirements for various operating system and use this information as a guide.

The equipment presented in this article includes the basics of a computer system. Of course, nowadays people want far more than the basics and you undoubtedly feel the same way. There are optional components available that you may want to add to your systems, which include CD or DVD drives, a modem or other communication component for Internet connectivity or a video graphics card.

Once you have decided on the specifications of the computer you want to build, you are ready to assemble the system. In addtition to detailed information about the parts you will need to build your computers, cheap-computer.guy.com includes step by step instructions or assembling a cheap do it yourself computer.

When you have finished assembling the computer, you will then need to test to make sure that the system boots and that all components are functioning properly. Once you have completed all these tests you will built your own cheap computer.

A Computer

10 Secrets to a Healthy Computer and a Happier You
Summary articles by Dan Preston

Well, in a way we’re all just like a computer. Clean out the dust build-up at least every 6 months from the inside of the computer case including case vents, power supply vents, and all visible circuitry with a few cans of compressed air that can be purchased from any major computer store or electronics outlet. This will help reduce the chances of overheating and circuitry damage.

Before cleaning just be certain to always unplug the computer from the wall outlet and never physically contact the circuitry inside the computer case to prevent damage.

Purchase and install a well known anti-virus program that can be regularly updated with the latest virus definitions and ran during boot-up to help protect your computer from being the victim of an unwanted infestation.

Every few months or so run your computer’s “Scandisk” program followed by the “Defragmenter” program to maximize the efficiency of your hard drive.

Run your computers “Disk Cleanup” utility every other week or so. If set the “Disk Cleanup” utility will automatically empty the recycling bin and recover some wasted disk space by removing the internet temporary files that seem to always accumulate.

Again, use the “Help” option if you are uncertain of how to perform this task.

Never smoke near a computer because the cooling fans will pull the smoke into the case where it can coat the inside parts of the computer with a residue which in turn can damage sensitive components.

Invest in a high quality surge protector to provide your computer and monitor against voltage spikes or “surges” that can dramatically shorten the life of your system. If you follow these simple steps the outcome is a healthy computer that will stay by your side and treat you well which also results in a happier you.

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Sammy